What kind of environmental damage can result from a spongy moth infestation?

A spongy moth infestation can lead to reduced biodiversity within an ecosystem. This type of moth, particularly in its caterpillar stage, feeds voraciously on the leaves of many tree species, particularly oak, cherry, and birch. When these caterpillars defoliate trees, it not only weakens the trees affected but can also lead to their death if infestations are severe and prolonged.

The loss of these trees directly impacts other species that rely on them for shelter and food, such as birds and various insects. Additionally, as the tree population declines, the overall diversity of the forest ecosystem diminishes because fewer plant species can thrive, which in turn affects herbivores and their predators. This cascading effect contributes significantly to a reduction in biodiversity, making it a topic of concern in forest ecology and management.

The other options suggest positive outcomes that are not associated with spongy moth infestations. Improved soil quality, increased animal presence, and enhanced tree growth are unlikely results. In fact, the opposite happens: soil may suffer due to decreased plant cover, animal species that rely on abundant vegetation may decline, and tree growth will be inhibited as the trees' health deteriorates.